BLOGGER TEMPLATES AND TWITTER BACKGROUNDS �
Showing posts with label dragon. Show all posts
Showing posts with label dragon. Show all posts

Wednesday, May 06, 2009

8. What the Dragon Stood For

By C. AKWAN

Personification of the Sacred Nature

The dragon - also called the snake - was a personification of the sacred nature. His power had been kept in balance by the culture created by human beings, both the living and the dead. The connection between the sacred nature and culture was the adat, the sacred customary law.

The extinction or existence of life depended on where the dragon was. When he still ruled the earth, he killed so many people that human life was doomed to extinction. But his defeat in the hands of human beings enabled life to exist.

Ancestors of the ancient times had conquered the mighty dragon by observing the sacred customary law. As a result, the monster was put in shackles in a big cave in the deepest part of the earth, waiting for his time to break loose.

If people made mistakes, if they transgressed the sacred customary law, if they offended the mighty dragon, he then broke loose from his shackles. His movement deep in the earth once caused floods that formed what was later called the Geelvink Bay in the northern part of the former Dutch New Guinea.

As long as there was life on earth, the dragon would not emerge. Sometimes, he did try to break off his shackles. Quakes and earth tremors happened. "Tatewai! Tatewai! Earthquake! Earthquake!" people shouted. To show the monster that they were still alive, they beat their dogs, or bit their ears to let them yelp loudly, or picked a lot of fruit from trees and gave it to him. If the dragon made a furious attempt to break loose from his shackles, heavy earthquakes occurred. The people on earth screamed and called to the firmament, "Syen! Syen! Lord! Lord!" Then, they sang a medley of lively songs and danced to their rhythms to show their presence to the furious monster.

The destructive power of the dragon was so formidable that it not only affected wider regions in Geelvink Bay, such as Yappen-Waropen, Numfor, Roon, and the Wondama Pensinsula. It also remained fixed in the memory of the people and was retold from one generation to another.

Because of these, different regions had different names for him and related stories about him. People living on the island of Roon called him Nasuwoi, Ina-Wuso, or Wakui-Wosei. The Wondama community called him Nawus and the people in Yappen-Waropen knew him as Roponggai. These regions had related stories of the dragon.

The Rituals on Roon

The people on Roon commemorated the destructiveness caused by the dragon through the mourning ritual. During this ritual, men danced in closed hide that represented a snake. The dancers would then shout: "I'm Wakui, I'm Wosei!" Only men took part in the ritual; women and girls stayed indoors. Only the widows of brave men stayed outside a bit longer. They showed the combs having tokens of respect for their dead husbands; each feather represented an enemy killed by a husband. Meanwhile, the widows stood in front of the house where the bones of their dead husbands were lying.

Before the mourning ritual was closed, the men imitated the dragon. They would reenact the snake that was going to revenge by killing people. This was a threat. Somebody was killed and this meant the men should retaliate by killing the enemy. That is why the widows wore the tokens of honor in their hair and shouted, "I'm Wakui, I'm Wosei."

In addition, the dragon was not only the monster that showed threats. He also symbolized the secrets of life and death. Since human beings had conquered the dragon, they were no longer helpless. They caused life to exist through reproduction or took the life of other people through revenge. The men also took part in the initiation of young men, enabling them to know the secrets of life and existence. That is the why the dragon or snake was also considered the initiation demon, which had been conquered by men.

The mourning ritual was not the only means for the men to imitate Wakui-Wosei. There were times when the men got drunk and shouted: "I'm Wakui, I'm Wosei." To them, the ecstasy gotten through palm-wine drink had the same value.

The mourning ritual also included singing. The participants would sing the kayob, the mourning songs that commemorated the dramatic events caused by the dragon and his conquerors.

Artistic Images

The victory of human beings over the dragon was also commemorated through artistic images. On the bow ornaments of the large canoes in the Geelvink Bay, people had carved stylistic dragon figures. They represented human victory over the mighty dragon in the depth of the earth. On drums, oars, wooden spatulas, wooden ladles, and other utensils, people carved dragons beside their carved ancestors. Human beings remained the conquerors of the dragon as long as they observed the sacred customary laws.

Copyright ©2008. All rights reserved. Published with written permission from the author.

Monday, May 04, 2009

7. Conquerors of the Dragon

(A Retold Myth from Wondama Bay and Roon, West Papua)

Their Courage and Ingenuity Saved the People from the Dragon.

By CELLY AKWAN and BECKY SIMSON

In ancient times, the coastal people of Wondama lived peacefully and happily. There were no chaos and catastrophes; in fact, there was unity among all things created.

Then, the original peace was ruptured. Not by the Creator but by a human crime.

Mandomaka, an old man, and Nawus, a snake, lived in ancient times near the spring of a creek. The snake was tied and lay at the Anio Sara, the ancient sacred men’s house, in Wondama.

One day, the old man made a journey to the coast. Unfortunately, a boy stole the snake. Mandomaka made a threat to him, “If you don’t give me your sister to be my wife within three days, I’ll bring thick darkness and heavy rain on you and your people.”

The boy was frightened and did not tell the threat to his fellow villagers. So, Mandomaka carried out his threat: he cursed the land, got angry, left, and never returned.

His curse was devastating. Mandomaka could no longer keep the snake, his partner or antagonist, in control. He let it break loose, and there was a big flood flowing wildly and mercilessly down the creek. Not only did the flood destroy the village where the boy came from. It also destroyed all the inhabitants, their belongings, and the sacred men’s house.

The Anio Sara was drifted rapidly, hit a big rock, and could not be flown off by the flood. Then, two brothers showed up. One of them drilled a hole through the rock and suddenly caused a deluge. The other was able to jump on the sacred house and while being drifted he danced and sang on the deluge along all villages in Wondama. Nobody except villagers living in Dusner on the other side of the U-shaped Bay of Wondama understood the language of his song.

So, he landed in Dusner. The deluge stopped and at the same time Nawus disappeared in it. Here, the sacred men’s house was brought to land, repaired, and rebuilt. The rebuilding assured the people that a new certainty and a new time of happiness had dawned. This time, the new era would be under human guidance.

But other pillars of the sacred men’s house that drifted along villages in Wondama were used for building new sacred men’s houses there. They served as central pillars of the new sacred houses.

Not all villages were lucky to get lost pillars of the first sacred house. Wasior and Miei, two important villages in the peninsula, did not get any pillars. So, they turned to Dusner as the new center of the Anio Sara. Here dwelled Lord of the Anio Sara.

Roponggai

The deluge was so huge and widespread that it even reached Yappen-Waropen hundreds of miles away from Wondama and Roon. People in Yappen-Waropen have since then remembered the catastrophes it caused. Their oral tradition handed down from one generation to another recorded this deluge imaginatively through the story of Roponggai and his two conquerors.

Indarami Painusi gave birth to Roponggai, the snake, and he floated on a plate called Mafiri. After Painusi had delivered him, Roponggai grew up and was soon known as an inquisitive child. He asked his mother numerous questions: “Mother, why do you cry? Mother, why do you sit in that house?” Even though his mother could answer them, she could not answer other difficult questions from her son.

Painusi took care of him. She cooked coconut meat and rubbed its oil on her son’s skin. One day, she painted his left face black with soot and his right face red with red earth. After the painting, his mother left him.

That day, Roponggai stayed home until noon. Then he went out and took a walk. He became pugnacious when he met with people; he wanted to kill them. This time, he took his bow and went out to meet some fishermen. He wanted to kill them.

Then, he met some fishermen and fought with them. Other fishermen who were watching the fight from afar did not recognize him.

“Who’s fighting?” some asked.

“A snake,” others replied.

“He’s Roponggai, the thin-skinned snake,” another added. “He never leaves us without killing some of us.”

“Yeah, he’s already killed my brother,” another fisherman said.

The fishermen did not like Roponggai. He liked to fight with them and killed some of them, men and women. He once fought with the men who were looking for shellfish and killed all of them in a men’s canoe. He also killed the women who were in a women’s canoe at Worumi, near the Woisimi River in the Wondama Peninsula. The women had just collected shellfish at the river and were rowing back home when they met their sudden deaths.

Roponggai’s passion for fighting and killing made all of the villagers hate him. Aware of their aversion, his mother frequently wept like a suckling babe over him.

Indarami Painusi died of grief when her son was as big as an ironwood tree and his head became bigger than the central room of a house! His brute force was fearful and devastating and made him a formidable snake. The frightened rural fishermen escaped him and left for other islands or areas far from their village.

Left behind

One day, Roponggai lay in the neighborhood of a village built on land. The houses here were built on erected wooden poles thrust deeply into the ground. He waited to attack any villagers who passed by. Some people who were ignorant of his presence in the area went to their sago groves to make sago flour. The enormous snake then appeared, killed all of them, and devoured them.

The following day, other villagers came to their sago forests, and he killed and gobbled them up, too. He ate the other people in the area for days until most of the population was destroyed. Not more than ten people survived, including a few villagers who had escaped Roponggai’s devouring mouth.

These survivors did not feel secure in their village anymore. They felt powerless against the formidable snake.

“The end is drawing close to us,” one of the male survivors said, “so we just have to escape to Numfor.” Numfor is an island located north-west of Yappen-Waropen.

“A good idea,” one of the female survivors said. The rest also favored this plan. Then, they decided to leave their village by canoe and sail to Numfor.

In order not to alarm the giant snake and lure it to them, the evacuating villagers hurried silently to their big canoe. In their haste to escape, they left a grandmother and Kirisi, her grandson, behind.

The old woman and Kirisi became aware of being left behind when they saw the canoe sail away and could not recognize the faces of the villagers. Suddenly, the old woman felt terrified when she imagined that Roponggai would devour them without any help from their villagers. So, she tried to get the rowing villagers come back and take her and Kirisi away.

“Come back, come back!” she shouted as loudly as she could while waving her hands or anything she could grab to draw the attention of the escaping villagers in the canoe. “Don’t leave us here! Come back, come back!”

But the rowers and passengers aboard were too far to hear her and notice her signals. The old woman could not do anything else except stand helplessly and weep out her loneliness and dread of Roponggai.

There was no other way to escape Roponggai. They had to stay together in the house at the Irumi River and find a way to get rid of him. But what way could they find?

Plans for killing Roponggai

An orphan, Kirisi was a stout and good-looking boy. The agile and brave boy liked to help his grandmother. He sometimes fought with village boys who bullied smaller boys. He hunted edible birds and boars in the forests and fished on the sea like an adult. When he returned home with his game and fish, he did not forget to share them with his neighbors. His good manners made the young and old love him.

But Kirisi lacked the wisdom his grandmother had. Though he was sensible, he was not well advised in all things he did. He had never had the experience of fighting with a big snake even though he had heard a lot about huge snakes. So, he relied on his grandmother’s good judgment, a result of her long life, to do things he did not understand completely. But in doing things that needed endurance, agility, and speed, Kirisi surpassed his grandmother. So, both needed each other in various plans and activities.

The old woman was trying to figure out how she and her grandson could survive from the devouring mouth of Roponggai. Suddenly, she got an idea.

“Let’s outwit Roponggai and kill him,” she said to the boy.

“Are you sure we can kill such a strong, huge snake?” asked Kirisi.

“Of course, we can. He’s not as clever as we are.”

“Then how should we kill him?”

“Let’s find some big stones and small sticks. We also need to prepare a lot of water, bark clothes, and wood.”

“What do we need them for? Will they help us kill him?”

“Of course, they will,” replied the old woman. “Let’s start doing what I’ve just told you. You’re young, strong, and brave enough to do them, aren’t you?”

Kirisi had no time to beam his smile of agreement to his grandmother. He was busy helping her gather stones and small sticks. Then, they collected plenty of water and boiled it the whole day.

The next day, they made bark clothes and each chose a piece of wood. They also baked the stones until they glowed.

Killing Roponggai

After this preparation, they had to finish some other things. They put on their bark clothes, went outside the house, stood on the wooden gallery, and began to pound its floor with the pieces of wood.

Roponggai heard the knocks and was lured to the sounds. He wriggled his way out of the cave, his dwelling. While winding impatiently toward the house built on land, he hit sticks of wood, and caused them to fall apart. But the impact did not hurt him seriously.

After a short time, he wriggled up the stairs of their house and went in. Roponggai’s heavy body shook the house like an earthquake. As soon as he saw the old woman and the boy, he opened his mouth that looked like the interior of a house, and was prepared to devour them.

Now was the right time to start the attack against him.

“Bring the fire tongs here!” the old woman commanded her grandson. Kirisi jumped as quietly as a cat, grabbed the tongs, and jumped back to the side of his grandmother. The snake was coming nearer.

“Throw the glowing stones into his mouth! Use the tongs.”

The boy hurled a shower of glowing stones into Roponggai’s mouth and started to throw another shower. The terrible snake swallowed the hot and burning stones.

“Look, grandma! Look at what’s happening!” the boy shouted.

Roponggai began to shake his head violently and writhe. His movements shook the house and Kirisi and his grandmother heavily. But he was so strong that he soon got over the pain.

“Prepare the boiling water and all small sticks,” said the old woman. “We’re going to boil and feed him.”

Before she finished her sentence, Kirisi poured the boiling water into Roponggai’s mouth, threw the small sticks into it, and poured in more water. Afflicted with intense pain, the amok-running monster swayed, coiled, hissed, rolled, and shook so violently that he nearly caved in the house.

“Watch out!” Kirisi shouted to his grandmother. Both swerved to avoid the snake from knocking them down to the ground with his powerful tail.

The boiling water shriveled up the snake, the heated stones burned his intestines, and the small pieces of wood broke his bones and mouth and tore open his stomach. But the snake was so strong that he did not die immediately. He flopped to the center of the house where Kirisi and the old woman had hidden.

“Let’s get out of here,” he urged his grandmother.

They sidled cautiously past Roponggai, climbed down the stairs, and ran into the forest. There, they built a hut and spent the night in it. There, they were safe from the dying Roponggai.

The following day, they went to the house. They found out that the snake was dead.

Since that time, the village has been safe from the threats and destructiveness of Roponggai. The villagers who had left returned from Numfor and other islands to their village. Since that time, they have commemorated the catastrophes by Roponggai and the two conquerors of the dragon through rituals and artistic images.

Copyright ©2008. All rights reserved. Published with written permission from the authors.

Sunday, May 03, 2009

6. Escape from the Dragon

(A Retold Myth from Manokwari, West Papua)

Kweku Tsin Outsmarted the Dragon through Shrewd Planning and Accurate Anticipation of Problems and Led the Escape of His Father and Other Prisoners from This Monster.

By CELLY AKWAN

There was a famine in the land and the old Anansi and his son Kweku Tsin went hunting together in a large forest, hoping that they could shoot something. And indeed, Kweku Tsin shot a wonderful deer and he brought it to his father who was sitting and waiting for him under a tree. The old Anansi was very happy when he saw the deer and said to his son: "Stay here near the deer, I’ll just go and bring a large basket, and we can put the meat in it and can bring it home."
It took a long time before Anansi returned and Kweku Tsin slowly began to feel uneasy. Could his father probably miss the way back? Finally, he began to call as loudly as he could: "Father! Father!" He hoped his father could hear him if he had lost his way. Fortunately, a voice called back among the trees: " Yes, my son!" In his gladness, Kwekoe Tsin called out once more: "Father, Father, I’m here!" Of course, he thought Anansi had answered him.

In Captivity of the Dragon
But how shocked he was when suddenly not his father but a gigantic dragon appeared from the forest! The monster spurted fire out of his large nostrils and was terrible to look at! Kweku Tsin was so afraid when he saw the dragon approaching him from a distance that he ran away as fast as he could and hid himself in a hole in the ground.
When the dragon came at the spot under the tree, where the dead deer was lying, he became furious. From the calls of "Father! Father!", he knew he would find a human being here. He furiously ripped the deer up and disappeared afterwards in the forest again.
Soon after that, the old Anansi returned with the basket, and he was surprised when his son told him what had happened.
"Heh," he said, "it’s a pity I wasn’t here! I’d like to see him, too."
Then, that wish soon came true because the dragon was still around and reappeared as soon as he smelled human flesh. And, my goodness! He gripped on both with his sharp claws and dragged them to his house where he had locked up other people. Every day, he picked up the fattest person and ate him up and every day he went into the forest to capture more people.

The Ingenious Plan for Escape
Kweku Tsin said to the other prisoners: "I don’t understand why you’ve never tried to escape if the dragon goes in the forest."

And the others answered: "O yes, we would really like to try that plan, but it won’t really work! Do you see the white, big rooster over there? He has to keep guard over us and he does his job pretty well! If we make just the slightest movement to escape, he began to crow so loudly and piercingly that his master can hear him clearly wherever he is."
Yes, Kweku Tsin was aware that it would be difficult for them to escape. But, he thought, something had to be found out. And when the dragon went out robbing again, he called all prisoners to come together and he said to them: "Listen, guys, this shouldn’t go on any longer. Let’s think together of a way to get away from here!"
"Oh, no," the others complained, "we’ve very often talked about it. But it won’t really work. Even if we’re lucky to escape, the dragon will be able to seize us soon again. His eyes are so sharp that he can see from thousands of fathoms from here a fly that crawls on the leaf of a tree. And not only that ... he also runs faster than the wind. It’s true, Kweku Tsin, nobody can escape him. Now, don’t think about it any longer, it surely doesn’t help you at all!"
But Kweku Tsin did think about his plan. And because he was the shrewdest person in the world, he found out a good plan.
"Listen," he said to the others, "that white rooster of course won’t think about crowing as long as he has to peck at plentiful grains of rice. In the front hall, there are forty sacks of rice. Now all of you help me pull them here and scatter the grains on the ground."

The Successful Escape
They did what they were told to do. And as soon as the ground was thickly scattered with the grains of rice, the rooster began to peck and peck and peck at them so long that his pecks became second nature to him. He was too busy with that delicious rice to pay attention to the prisoners.
"You see," said Kweku Tsin to the other men, "now, all of you get to work to twine long, long ropes from hemp stalks! I’ll use them to make a strong rope ladder and if it’s ready, I’ll throw one end high into the sky. The gods will surely be kind to hold it firmly for us while we climb it up."
While most men were busy making ropes, a few slaughtered several cows from the dragon’s stable. They roasted the meat and all of them ate their fills. But they had to bring all the bones to Kweku Tsin who kept them in a large sack. He also sought the dragon’s violin and took it under his arm.

Finally, the rope ladder was ready and Kweku Tsin threw with his strong arms one end up until it reached the sky. And look, the gods who knew the evil dragon well held the rope ladder firmly. Then, the men climbed up, one after another.

Just as they were climbing the ladder to its upper end and KwekuTsin was putting his foot on the ladder at its bottom, the sharp eyes of the dragon noticed that something strange was happening at his house. In the wink of an eye, he stood at the lowest rung and began to climb the ladder.
But Kweku Tsin had brought along with him the sack filled with bones. Every time the monster came too close to him as he wished, Kweku Tsin threw a bone to him. And the dragon had such a terrible hunger that he climbed down the ladder with that bone in his mouth to gnaw away at it quietly on the ground. Kweku Tsin then climbed again as fast as he could, but he paid good attention to the dragon and kept him busy for a long time by throwing down the bones until the sack was empty. Meanwhile, all the other prisoners arrived safely and well in the sky. Kweku Tsin then took the violin and played a merry ditty. He knew very well that it was a magic violin and that the dragon would have to dance if he heard the music.
And indeed, the monster climbed down and jumped back and forth like a crazy man on the ground until the music stopped. Meanwhile, Kweku Tsin had already climbed a step higher, and when the dragon also came up and in the wink of an eye climbed some steps higher, Kweku Tsin began to play the violin again.
And wuuusshh... the monster slid again to the bottom to perform another dance on the ground! It was very funny to see him jump round and round down there. But Kweku Tsin had no time to laugh. He had to try to come up as quickly as possible.
Often, he played the ditty again and often the dragon had to get down again. But when he climbed up the ladder again, he did it much more quickly than Kweku Tsin so that he almost overtook him. He had already stuck out his claws to grip his victim ...

But the brave boy could still grab his knife and he cut off the rope ladder, just below his own feet. The dragon fell with a thump and was smashed on the stone floor of his own house, but Kweku Tsin was quickly pulled up by the gods. He was safe.

Changed into the Sun, Moon, and Stars
And the gods were very impressed with his wisdom and bravery and they thought he was so adroit in saving the other prisoners first before he saved himself that they said: "O Kweku Tsin, from now on, you shall be the sun, the source that radiates all light and warmth over the earth." His father Anansi became the moon and all the other prisoners already freed from the dragon were changed into stars. Since then, all of them have received their light from KwekuTsin because without him they mean nothing.

Copyright ©2008. All rights reserved. Published with written permission from the author.